Creatine

• Creatine is a naturally occurring substance found primarily in muscle tissue.
• It's also available as a dietary supplement.
• Its main function is to increase muscle phosphocreatine, used for rapid energy production during high-intensity, short-duration activities (e.g., weightlifting, sprinting).
• Creatine supplementation may enhance athletic performance in activities requiring quick energy bursts.

• Molecular Formula: C4H9N3O2
• IUPAC Name: N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine
• Key Structural Features: Guanidinium compound with a guanidinium group (-C(=NH)NH2), a methyl group (-CH3), and a carboxyl group (-COOH). Zwitterionic structure (positive and negative charges).
• Properties:
  • Physical: White, crystalline powder; melting point 303°C; highly water-soluble; pKa ~3.5.
  • Chemical: Stable, but degrades in water/heat to creatinine; susceptible to oxidation.
  • Biological: Crucial role in energy metabolism; high-energy compound replenishing ATP.

Natural Sources:

• Red meat (beef, lamb, venison): 2-3 grams per 3-ounce serving.
• Fish and seafood (salmon, tuna, etc.)
• Poultry (chicken, turkey; smaller amounts)
• Eggs and dairy (small amounts)

Extraction/Synthesis Methods:

• Chemical Synthesis: Most supplements are synthesized from sarcosine and cyanamide, producing creatine monohydrate.
• Fermentation: Microbial fermentation using microorganisms to convert sugars into creatine.
• Animal-Derived: Less common; potential animal welfare and contamination concerns.

Quality Considerations for Supplements:

• Purity: Aim for ≥99% purity.
• Form: Creatine monohydrate is most common and well-studied.
• Manufacturing Process: Choose supplements from manufacturers adhering to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) with third-party testing.
• Additives and Fillers: Avoid unnecessary additives or fillers.
• Label Claims: Verify label accuracy; be wary of exaggerated claims.
• Regulatory Compliance: (Further details needed to complete this section)