L-Carnitine

L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid derivative crucial for energy production within cells. It transports fatty acids to the mitochondria, where they are converted into energy. Supplementing with L-Carnitine may enhance energy levels, endurance, and exercise performance.

L-Carnitine, also known as levocarnitine, is a compound crucial for transporting fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production.

• Molecular Formula: C₇H₁₅NO₃
• IUPAC Name: (R)-3-Hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butyrate

• Key Structural Features:

  • L-Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a trimethylammonium group (-N+(CH₃)₃).
  • The molecule has a chiral center at the 3-position.
  • Hydroxyl group (-OH): Involved in hydrogen bond formation.
  • Carboxyl group (-COOH): Responsible for acidity and salt formation.
  • Trimethylammonium group (-N+(CH₃)₃): Positively charged, contributing to water solubility and ionic interactions.

• Properties:

  • Physical State: White, crystalline powder
  • Solubility: Highly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and methanol
  • pKa: 3.77 (carboxyl group)
  • pH: 6.5-7.5 (in aqueous solution)
  • Melting Point: 197-200°C
  • Molecular Weight: 161.20 g/mol

L-Carnitine is a zwitterion, essential for energy production in the heart, skeletal muscle, and other tissues.

L-Carnitine can be sourced from natural sources, extracted, or synthesized.

• Natural Sources:

  • Meat and poultry: High concentrations in red meat, especially beef, lamb, and pork. Organ meats like liver and kidney are also rich in L-Carnitine.
  • Fish and seafood: Salmon, cod, and shrimp are good sources.
  • Dairy products: Milk, cheese, and yogurt contain smaller amounts.
  • Plants: Soybeans, avocados, and whole grains contain small amounts.

• Extraction/ Synthesis Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis
  • Fermentation
  • Extraction from animal sources

• Quality Considerations for Supplements:

  • Purity: High purity (>99%)
  • Stability: Stable formulations and packaging.
  • Form: L-Carnitine, L-Carnitine L-Tartrate, and Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR).
  • Manufacturing process: Follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and have third-party testing and certification.
  • Label claims: Realistic and scientifically-backed claims.
  • Allergen and contaminant testing.