Lipase

Lipase is a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides, facilitating the absorption of dietary fats. The most clinically relevant form is pancreatic lipase, secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum where it initiates the digestion of dietary lipids.

• Protein Structure: Lipase is a protein of 400–500 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 45–55 kDa (e.g., human pancreatic lipase: 49 kDa).
• Catalytic Domain: Its primary structure comprises a catalytic domain (α/β‑hydrolase fold) containing the conserved Ser‑Asp‑His catalytic triad.
• Glycosylation: The enzyme is glycosylated (N‑linked glycans) that stabilize its three‑dimensional conformation.
• Enzyme Commission: The enzyme’s IUPAC name is not applicable for a protein, but its systematic description follows the Enzyme Commission: EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase).
• Tertiary Structure: The protein’s tertiary structure includes a lid domain that opens in the presence of bile salts, exposing the active site to the lipid substrate.
• Optimum Conditions: The enzyme’s optimum pH is ~7.5–8.0, and it is activated by calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and colipase.

• Traditional Sources: Commercial lipase is most commonly derived from porcine pancreas (the traditional “pancreatin” source) or bovine pancreas.
• Modern Sources: Modern supplements increasingly use microbial fermentation (e.g., Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae) and recombinant expression in E. coli or yeast for higher purity and lower immunogenic risk.
• Extraction Process: Extraction involves tissue homogenization, pH‑adjusted precipitation, and chromatography to isolate the enzyme, followed by lyophilization.
• Quality Control: Quality‑control steps include activity assays (IU), purity testing (SDS‑PAGE), and testing for viral or bacterial contaminants.
• Considerations: For individuals with religious or dietary restrictions, microbial‑derived lipase is preferred. Look for products certified by GMP, USP‑verified enzyme activity, and transparent sourcing statements to ensure consistency and safety.