Lithium (Orotate)

Lithium orotate is a low‑dose, inorganic salt formed by the combination of lithium ions (Li⁺) with orotic acid, a naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase. In dietary‑supplement form it delivers trace amounts of elemental lithium (usually 5–20 mg per capsule) and is marketed primarily for mood stabilization, neuro‑protection, and modest cognitive support, distinct from prescription lithium carbonate used for bipolar disorder.

Lithium orotate (chemical name: lithium 2‑carboxy‑4‑pyrimidinecarboxylate) has the molecular formula C₅H₃LiN₂O₅. Its structure comprises a lithium cation coordinated to the anionic form of orotic acid (a pyrimidine ring with two carbonyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and a carboxylate group at position 5). The IUPAC name is lithium 1,3‑dihydro‑2,4‑dioxopyrimidine‑5‑carboxylate. It is a white, hygroscopic powder, soluble in water (≈0.5 g/100 mL) and modestly soluble in ethanol. The compound is stable at neutral pH but hydrolyses in strong acidic conditions, releasing free lithium ion and orotic acid, which is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Commercial lithium orotate is synthesized chemically by reacting lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide with purified orotic acid under controlled pH and temperature conditions, then crystallizing the product to ≥ 99 % purity. Natural sources of orotic acid include milk, liver, and some leafy vegetables, but the lithium component is exclusively derived from mineral lithium (often mined from lithium‑rich brines or spodumene ore). High‑quality supplements employ pharmaceutical‑grade reagents, GMP‑certified manufacturing, and third-party testing for heavy‑metal contamination, residual solvents, and accurate lithium content. Consumers should look for certifications (e.g., USP, NSF) and certificates of analysis (CoA) to ensure product purity and consistency.