Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that exists primarily as inorganic phosphate (PO₄³⁻) in the human body. It is a structural component of bone and teeth, a critical component of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), and a key participant in cellular energy metabolism through its role in adenosine‑triphosphate (ATP).

• Elemental Symbol and Ion: Phosphorus in supplements is typically presented as inorganic phosphate salts (e.g., sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate, or magnesium phosphate). The elemental phosphorus atom has the symbol P (atomic number 15) and forms the tetrahedral phosphate ion PO₄³⁻.
• Molecular Formula: In its inorganic form, the molecular formula for a common supplement—sodium phosphate—is Na₂HPO₄·7H₂O (sodium hydrogen phosphate monohydrate) or Na₃PO₄·12H₂O (trisodium phosphate).
• Structure: The phosphate ion exhibits a tetrahedral geometry with P–O bond lengths ~1.50 Å and a –3 charge, allowing strong ionic interactions with calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
• Solubility: The high electronegativity of oxygen imparts strong polar character, enhancing solubility in aqueous media.

• Mineral Phosphate Sources: Commercial phosphorus supplements are derived from mineral phosphates mined from phosphate rock (primarily calcium phosphate). After mining, the rock is treated with sulfuric or phosphoric acid to produce phosphoric acid, which is then neutralized with sodium, potassium, or calcium hydroxide to yield the desired salt.
• Biogenic Sources: Biogenic sources (e.g., fish bone or animal bone meals) are also processed to obtain calcium‑phosphate powders, often used in “natural” formulations.
• Quality Control: Quality control includes testing for heavy‑metal contamination (e.g., lead, cadmium), microbial load, and residual acid. GMP‑certified manufacturers must verify purity (> 99 % phosphorus content) and confirm the absence of added phosphorus‑containing fillers.
• Final Product: The final product is typically a white, crystalline powder with high solubility, ensuring consistent bioavailability.